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  • Clinical Assessment
    • Top Tips
    • Children Differ From Adults
    • History
      • History Taking: What to Ask & Why?
      • Distinguishing Inflammatory from Mechanical Features
      • Pain Assessment
        • SOCRATES - pain checklist
        • Pain assessment tools
      • Top Tips for History Taking
    • Examination
      • Top Tips for Clinical Examination
      • pGALS (paediatric Gait Arms Legs Spine)
        • pGALS Translations
        • pGALS checklist
        • Recording of pGALS Findings
        • Examples of abnormal pGALS
        • Practical tips and pGALS
        • pGALS steps (graphic)
      • Virtual or Video-pGALS (V-pGALS)
      • Telehealth
      • pREMS
        • pREMS components
      • pGALSplus
      • GALLOP - lower limb examination
      • Muscle Assessment
      • Terms Used to Describe Joints and Muscles
        • Surface anatomy
        • Ranges of joint movement
    • Skin and Mucous Membranes
    • Red Flags
      • Acute Rheumatic Fever
      • Tuberculosis and HIV
      • Non-Accidental Injury
      • Inflammatory joint or muscle disease
    • Normal Variants in Musculoskeletal Development
      • Gait and Motor Milestones
        • Abnormal Motor Milestones
      • Lower Limb Normal Variants
        • Leg Alignment
        • Genu Valgum (Knock-Knees)
        • Genu Varum (Bow-Legs)
        • Flat Feet
        • In-Toeing
        • Out-Toeing
        • Toe Walking
        • Curly or Crossed Toes
        • Clubfoot
        • Pes Cavus
      • Lower limb development and normal variants - When to Refer
      • Hypermobility
        • Top Tips for Hypermobility
    • Cases
      • Well Child and Leg Pains
      • Fever and Pain
      • Pallor and Limb pain
      • Regression of Activities
      • Frequent Falls
      • Coughing and swollen joints
      • Fever Rash and Pain
    • Learning Outcomes
  • Investigations
    • Top Tips for Investigations
    • Blood and Urine Tests
      • Autoantibodies
      • Normal & Abnormal Results
      • Tests Before Immunosuppression
    • Imaging
      • Ultrasound
      • Radiographs (X-Rays)
      • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    • Clinical Scenarios
      • Suspected Inflammatory Arthritis (e.g., Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis)
      • Suspected Multi-System Rheumatic Disease
      • Suspected Bone or Joint Infection
      • Suspected Muscle Disease
      • Prolonged Fever
      • Joint Contractures
      • Bone Disease
      • Suspected Non-Accidental Injury
      • 'Clumsiness'
    • Referral Pathways to specialist services
      • When to refer to paediatric rheumatology
      • When to refer to orthopaedics
      • When to refer to physiotherapy
      • When to refer (and potentially admit) the same day
    • Analgesia
    • Cases
      • Swollen Joint
      • Widespread Pain
      • Delayed Walking
      • Joint Swelling and Lymphadenopathy
    • Learning Outcomes
  • Limping Child
    • Top Tips for Limping Child
    • Abnormal Gait patterns
    • Making a Diagnosis
      • The Causes of Limp
      • Limping child assessment
      • Pitfalls
      • Red Flags
      • When to Refer
    • Key Conditions
      • Red Flag Conditions
        • Septic Arthritis & Osteomyelitis
        • Tuberculosis
        • Malignancy
        • Non-Accidental Injury
        • Acute Rheumatic Fever
      • Septic Arthritis & Osteomyelitis
      • Malignancy
      • Non-Accidental Injury
      • Tuberculosis
      • Acute Rheumatic Fever
      • Reactive Arthritis
        • Rheumatic Fever
        • Henoch Schonlein Purpura
      • Inflammatory Conditions
      • Hip Disorders
        • Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
        • Legg-Calve-Perthes or 'Perthes' disease
        • Slipped Upper [Capital] Femoral Epiphysis (SUFE / SCFE)
        • Transient Synovitis of the Hip
      • Muscle Disease
      • Bone disease
      • Fractures
    • Cases
      • Intermittent Limp 1
      • Intermittent Limp 2
      • Intermittent Limp 3
      • Intermittent Limp 4
      • Limp and Night Pain
      • Limp and a Swollen Joint
    • Learning Outcomes
  • Pain by Site
    • Top Tips for Joint Pain by Region
    • Hip Pain
      • Top Tips for Hip Pain
      • Slipped Upper [Capital] Femoral Epiphysis
      • Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
      • Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
      • Non-Hip Pathology Causing Hip Pain
    • Knee Pain
      • Top Tips for Knee Pain
      • Red Flags - Knee Pain
      • Knee pain conditions
    • Foot, Heel & Ankle Pain
      • Top Tips for Foot Pain
      • Causes of Foot, Heel and Ankle Pain
    • Back Pain
      • Top Tips for Back Pain
      • Causes of Back Pain
      • Red Flags - Back and Neck Pain
      • Scoliosis
      • Discitis
      • Neck Pain
    • Jaw Pain and Dysfunction
    • Soft tissue and non-inflammatory conditions
    • Chronic Pain
      • Growing pains
        • Top Tips for Growing Pains
      • Idiopathic pain syndromes
    • Fractures
      • Non-accidental injuries
      • Common fractures in children
      • Physeal injuries
    • Cases
      • Back Pain
      • Foot Pain
      • Night Pains
      • A Toddler who cannot sit
    • Learning Outcomes
  • Arthritis
    • Top Tips for Swollen Joints
    • Mimics of Arthritis
    • Single swollen joint
    • Multiple swollen joints
    • Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
      • Approach to Suspected JIA
      • JIA classification
        • JIA subtypes
      • JIA Associated Uveitis and eye screening
      • Patient Journey - Access to Right Care
        • Early diagnosis and treatment make a difference
    • Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - Classification
      • JIA Subtypes - Overview
    • Uveitis
    • Multi-System Disease
      • Approach to Multi-System Rheumatic disease
      • Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
      • Vasculitis
        • Henoch Schönlein Purpura / IgA vasculitis
        • Kawasaki Disease
        • MIS-C and COVID-19
        • Polyarteritis Nodosa
        • Takayasu Arteritis
      • Juvenile Dermatomyositis
      • Scleroderma
      • Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
      • Inflammatory Bowel Disease
      • Autoinflammatory Syndromes
        • Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
        • Genetic Fever syndromes
      • Infections
        • Tuberculosis
        • Reactive arthritis
        • Acute Rheumatic Fever
        • Post Streptococcal Arthritis
        • Arboviruses
        • Chikungunya
        • Human Immunodeficiency Virus
        • Brucellosis
        • Lyme disease
        • Fungal and protozoa infections
      • Genetic conditions
        • Downs syndrome
        • Sickle cell disease
        • Skeletal dysplasias
        • Storage diseases
    • Management
      • Early Diagnosis Makes a Difference
      • Uveitis and Eye Screening
      • Medications to Treat Inflammatory Disease
      • The Multidisciplinary Team
      • Transitional Care
    • Disease Activity assessment
    • Cases
      • Swollen Knee (Monoarthritis)
      • Painful Fingers with Stiffness
      • Swollen Toe
      • Fever & Arthritis
      • Fever and Arthritis 2
      • Fever and Arthritis 3
      • Fatigue & Muscle Pain
      • Fever and Systemic Features
      • Swollen Joints & Malaise
    • Learning Outcomes
  • Resources
    • Key References & Guidelines
    • Information for Clinicians
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  • e-Modules
    • A Guide to pGALS (paediatric Gait Arms Legs and Spine)
    • A Guide for General Practitioners (Primary Care / Family Medicine)
    • A Guide to Gait assessment
    • A Guide to the Child with Fever